Nelson Mandela

These AP 10th Class English Important Questions 2nd Lesson will help students prepare well for the exams.

AP Board 10th Class English 2nd Lesson Important Questions and Answers

Study Skills

I. Read the pie-chart carefully.

Now answer the following questions.

1) What percentage of household energy consumption is attributed to electricity?

Answer:
11.35%

2) How much of the household energy consumption comes from solar energy?

Answer:
5%

3) Which energy source accounts for the least amount of household energy consumption? (A)
A) Solar Energy
B) Electricity
C) Heating Oil
D) Natural Gas

Answer:
A) Solar Energy

4) If the total household energy consumption is 5000 kWh, how many kWh are attributed to heating oil? (B)
A) 500 kWh
B) 750 kWh
C) 1000 kWh
D) 1250 kWh

Answer:
B) 750 kWh

5) What is the combined percentage of household energy consumption from biomass and solar energy? (B)
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Answer:
B) 10%

II. Read the bar chart carefully.

Now answer the following questions.

1) How many students prefer eating pretzels as their favourite snack?

Answer:
15 students

2) What is the total number of students surveyed regarding their favourite snacks?

Answer:
100 students(30 + 25 + 20 + 15 + 10)

3) Which snack is the most preferred among the students surveyed? (A)
A) Potato Chips
B) Chocolate Bars
C) Popcorn

Answer:
A) Potato Chips

4) How many more students prefer potato chips than popcorn? (B)
A) 5
B) 10
C) 15

Answer:
B) 10

5) How many students prefer either chocolate bars or fruit? (B)
A) 30
B) 35
C) 40

Answer:
B) 35

III. Read the pie-chart carefully.

Now answer the following questions.

1) What percentage of moviegoers prefer Action movies?

Answer:
30%

2) How many moviegoers prefer Science Fiction movies?

Answer:
15%

3) What is the percentage of moviegoers who prefer Comedy movies? (A)
A) 25%
B) 20%
C) 30%

Answer:
A) 25%

4) If there are 400 moviegoers in total, how many prefer Drama movies? (A)
A) 80
B) 100
C) 60

Answer:
A) 80

5) What proportion of moviegoers prefer Horror movies? (A)
A) 10%
B) 15%
C) 20%

Answer:
A) 10%

IV. Read the bar chart carefully.

Now answer the following questions.

1) How many tons of corn were produced in the year?

Answer:
600,000 tons

2) What is the total tonnage of crops produced in the country?

Answer:
2,000,000 tons (500,000 + 400,000 + 600,000 + 300,000 + 200,000)

3) Which crop had the lowest production? (C)
A) Wheat
B) Soybeans
C) Barley

Answer:
C) Barley

4) How many more tons of wheat were produced compared to rice? (A)
A) 100,000 tons
B) 200,000 tons
C) 300,000 tons
Answer:
A) 100,000 tons

5) What percentage of the total crop production does corn represent? (B)
A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
Answer:
B) 30%

V. Study the following table carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Now answer the following questions.
1) What is the total score for Bob?
Answer:
163

2) What is Alice’s reading score?
Answer:
85

3) Who scored the highest total score? (C)
A) Alice
B) Charlie
C) Emma
Answer:
C) Emma

4) What is the writing score for David? (A)
A) 82
B) 85
C) 80
Answer:
A) 82

5) What is the average reading score among the students? (A)
A) 86
B) 86.4
C) 86.5
Answer:
A) 86

Section - B
GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY
Combining Sentences using (who/which/that, etc.)

Exercise -1

1. Rajmouli is one of the outstanding directors in Telugu film industry. He has directed a good number of films. (Combine the sentences using ‘who’)
Answer:
Rajmouli is one of the outstanding directors in Telugu film industry who has directed a good number of films.

2. A man gave me this address. I met him on the train. (Combine the sentences using ‘whom’)
Answer:
A man gave me this address whom I met on the train.

3. A student came late. I borrowed her pen. (Combine the sentences using whose’)
Answer:
A student whose pen I borrowed came late.

4. Everybody went to the party. They enjoyed it very much. (Combine the sentences using ‘who’)
Answer:
Everybody who went to the party enjoyed it very much.

5. I talked to a man. His wife had died the year before. (Combine the sentences using whose’)
Answer:
I talked to a man whose wife had died the year before.

6. You bought the painting. I wanted it. (Combine the sentences using which’)
Answer:
You bought the painting which I wanted.

7. I have two brothers. They are working as architects. (Combine the sentences using ‘who’)
Answer:
I have two brothers who are working as architects.

8. This is the shopping complex. Tom built it. (Combine the sentences using ‘that’)
Answer:
This is the shopping complex that Tom built.

9. He likes the films. The films come from Asia. (Combine the sentences using ‘that’)
Answer:
He likes the films that come from Asia.

10. The man plays cricket well. He is my neighbour. (Combine the sentences using who’)
Answer:
The man who plays cricket well is my neighbour.

Exercise - 2

1. These are the shops. They don’t take credit cards. (Combine the sentences using ‘that’)
Answer:
These are shops that don’t take credit cards.

2. I slept in a bed. It was rather uncomfortable. (Combine the sentences using ‘which’)
Answer:
I slept in a bed which was rather uncomfortable.

3. I saw a film. It was about the Second World War. (Combine the sentences using ‘which’)
Answer:
I saw a film which was about the Second World War.

4. He is a great person. Everybody loves him. (Combine the sentences using ‘whom’)
Answer:
He is a great person whom everybody loves.

5. The flight was delayed. I wanted to travel on it. (Combine the sentences using ‘which’)
Answer:
The flight which 1 wanted to travel on was delayed.

6. I rent a house. It is very small. (Combine the sentences using ‘which’)
Answer:
I rent a house which is very small.

7. She wrote to her friend. Her friend lives in Vietnam. (Combine the sentences using who’)
Answer:
She wrote to her friend who lives in Vietnam.

8. Atul ate the sandwich. The sandwich had tomato and cheese inside. (Combine the sentences using which’)
Answer:
Atul ate the sandwich which had tomato and cheese inside.

9. My nephew broke the plate. I received the plate as a present. (Combine the sentences using which’)
Answer:
My nephew broke the plate which 1 received as a present.

10. He is the person. I want to see him. (Combine the sentences using ‘whom’)
Answer:
He is the person whom I want to see.

Voice

Change the following sentences into Passive Voice.
1. We thank all our distinguished international guests.
Answer:
All our distinguished International guests are thanked by us.

2. We have achieved our political emancipation.
Answer:
Our political e/nancipation has been achieved by us.

3. People had elected a new government freely and fairly.
Answer:
A new government had been elected (by people) freely and fairly.

4. The highest generals of South Africa saluted me.
Answer:
I was saluted by the highest generals of South Africa.

5. The policy of Aparthied created a deep and lasting wound in my people.
Answer:
A deep and long lasting wound was created in my people by the policy of Aparthied.

6. I learned the meaning of courage.
Answer:
The meaning of courage was learned by me.

7. The desire for the freedom of my people animated my life.
Answer:
My life was animated by the desire for the freedom of my people.

8. Ellen writes essays with humour and wit.
Answer:
Essays are written with humour and wit by Ellen.

9. I could not enjoy the poor and limited freedoms.
Answer:
The poor and limited freedoms could not be enjoyed by me.

10. The British government prevented me from fulfilling my obligations to my family.
Answer:
I was prevented from fulfilling my obligations to my family by the British government.

11. A chevron of Impala jets left a smoke trail of the new South African flag’s colours.
Answer:
A smoke trail of the new South African flag’s colours was left by a chevron of Impala jets.

12. Whites sang ‘Nkosi Sikelel-iAfrika’ and blacks sang ‘Die Stem’.
Answer:
‘Nkosi Sikelel-iAfrika’ was sung by whites and ‘Die Stem’ was sung by blacks.

13. Thousands of my people made unimaginable sacrifices.
Answer:
Unimaginable sacrifices were made by thousands of my people.

14. I joined the African National Congress.
Answer:
The African National Congress was joined by me.

Exercise - 2

Note : When the ‘agent / subject’ is obvious or unknown, it is left in the passive voice. It is your choice whether to write it in the passive voice or not. (Important for public examinations)
1. Someone has plucked those flowers.
Answer:
Those flowers have been plucked (by someone).

2. Somebody wrote this with a pen.
Answer:
This was written with a pen (by somebody).

3. The police arrested the thief.
Answer:
The thief was arrested (by the police).

4. People love money.
Answer:
Money is loved (by people).

5. Someone painted this wall.
Answer:
This wall was painted (by someone).

6. The police caught the thieves.
Answer:
The thieves were caught (by the police).

7. Somebody stole my pen.
Answer:
My pen was stolen (by somebody).

8. The government declared the emergency.
Answer:
The emergency was declared (by the government).

9. Someone has told me to go there.
Answer:
I have been told to go there (by someone).

10. No one has paid the bill yet.
Answer:
The bill has not been paid yet by anyone.

Exercise - 3

1. He opens the door.
Answer:
The door is opened by him.

2. We set the table.
Answer:
The table is set by us.

3. She pays a lot of money.
Answer:
A lot of money is paid by her.

4. I draw a picture.
Answer:
A picture is drawn by me.

5. They wear blue shoes.
Answer:
Blue shoes are worn by them.

6. They don’t help you.
Answer:
You are not helped by them.

7. He doesn’t open the book.
Answer:
The book is not opened by him.

8. You do not write the letter.
Answer:
The letter is not written by you.

9. Does your mum pick you up?
Answer:
Are you picked up by your mum?

10. Does the police officer catch the thief?
Answer:
Is the thief caught by the police officer?

Combining the Sentences Using Linkers

(Combining Sentences Using Adverbs ‘as/since,because,when/in spite of/such . that/although’.)

Exercise - 1

1. There was too much noise in our neighbourhood. We managed to sleep. (Combine the sentences with ‘in spite of)
Answer:
In spite of the noise in our neighbourhood, we managed to sleep.

2. They wanted to relax. They went to the country on the weekend. (Combine the sentences with ‘so that’)
Answer:
They went to the country so that they would relax.

3. He has good computer skills. He was not considered for the job. (Combine the sentences with ‘despite’)
Answer:
Despite having good computer skills he wasn’t considered for the job.

4. Alan and his sister don’t enjoy rock music. (Combine the sentences with neither ... nor’)
Answer:
Neither Alan nor his sister enjoy rock music.

5. He plays in a band and he also runs a shop. (Combine the sentences with ‘besides’)
Answer:
Besides playing in a band, he also runs a shop.

6. I bought a dog. I really wanted a pet. (Combine the sentences with ‘because’)
Answer:
I bought a dog because I really wanted a pet.

7. He is a good speaker. He is appreciated by all. (Combine the sentences with ‘such .. that’)
Answer:
He is such a good speaker that he is appreciated by all.

8. It was a bad experience. It shocked all of us. (Combine the sentences with ‘such .. that’)
Answer:
It was such a bad experience that it shocked all of us.

9. There were freezing temperatures. They trekked for hours. (Combine the sentences with ’in spite of)
Answer:
In spite of freezing temperatures, they trekked for hours.

10. The boy asked a very foolish question. Everybody laughed at him. (Combine the sentences with ‘such .. that1)
Answer:
The boy asked such a very foolish question that everybody laughed at him.

Exercise - 2

1. The man spoke with a great passion. All listeners were moved to tears. (Combine the sentences with ‘such .. that’)
Answer:
The man spoke with such a great passion that all listeners were moved to tears.

2. It was a hot day. Nobody could do any work. (Combine the sentences with ‘such .. that’)
Answer:
It was such a hot day that nobody could do any work.

3. It was an interesting story. I read it in one sitting. (Combine the sentences with ‘such .. that’)
Answer:
It was such an interesting story that I read in one sitting.

4. He used very bad words. I could not help but slap him. (Combine the sentences with ‘such .. that’)
Answer:
He used such bad words that I could not help but slap him.

5. The boy has very fine manners. Everyone likes him. (Combine the sentences with ‘such .. that’)
Answer:
The boy has such a very fine manners that everyone likes him.

6. Russia is a big country. It has eleven time zones. (Combine the sentences with ‘such .. that’)
Answer:
Russia is such a big country that has eleven time zones.

7. She performed very well. She lost the competition. (Combine the sentences with though’)
Answer:
Though she performed very well, she lost the competition.

8. She is able to sing well. She did not participate in the competition. (Combine the sentences with although)
Answer:
Although she is able to sing well, she did not participate in the competition.

9. I did not notice the box. The box was right in front of me. (Combine the sentences with although’)
Answer:
Although the box was in front of me, I did not notice it.

10. I never learnt Spanish. I lived in Spain for many years. (Combine the sentences with ’although)
Answer:
Although the box was in front of me, I did not notice it.Although I lived in Spain for many years, I never learnt Spanish.

Suitable Prepositions

A) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions given in brackets.

1. The soldiers acted ______ their General’s instructions. (in accordance with / according to / for the sake of)
2. Sheela got a job ______ her own abilities. (on behalf / instead of/ by means of)
3. We finished our project work several days ______ the scheduled time. (ahead of / in addition to / for the sake of)
4. The physical director of our school selected me ______ jny friend Gandhi for the next match. (in place of / in spite of / away from)
5. ______ fire, ring the alarm bell. (In spite of / In case of / In addition to)
6. ______ his ill health, he retired from his business. (In order to / Owing to / In case of)
7. Kohli has been selected ______ Misra for the next match. (in spite of / by means of / in place of)
8. My house stands ______ all the other houses in the street as it is very big. (apart from / in accordance with / in addition to)
9. Sriram continued his batting carefully ______ his team though he was hungry. (in spite of / in addition to / for the sake of)
10. You should complete your B.Ed ______ your B.Sc to get a teacher job. (in place of/ in addition to / according to)
Answer:
1. according to
2. by means of
3. ahead of
4. in place of
5. In case of
6. Owing to
7. in place of
8. apart from
9. for the sake of
10. in addition to

B) Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions given in brackets.

1. The death ______ 30 jawans was shocking. (in / of / from)
2. He lives at a village ______ Maharashtra. (at / in / by)
3. He was preparing ______ his examination. (for / since / from)
4. It is very humid ______ summer. (on / in / by)
5. He used ______ yisit his friend in the hospital every evening. (in /to / for)
6. We were too tired ______ go to the market. (at / to / of)
7. 36 paramilitary personnel were killed ______ the bombing. (in /on / of)
8. The villagers were emotionally attached ______ the reptile. (to / of / by)
9. Even the kids of the village could swim ______ him. (around / round / of)
10 People keep unusual pets ______ pleasure. (for / of / from)
Answer:
1. of
2. in
3. for
4. in
5. to
6. to
7. in
8. to
9. around
10. for

Suitable Forms of the Verbs

Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of verbs given in the brackets.

Exercise -1

1. She ______ (go / goes / going) to the store every day.
2. The sun ______ (shines / shining / shone) brightly yesterday.
3. She ______ (goes / went / going) to the gym every Saturday.
4. They ______ (play / plays / playing) soccer every Sunday.
5. He ______ (has / have / had) just finished his homework.
6. The birds are ______ (sing / sang / singing) beautifully in the morning.
7. He is ______ (cook / cooks / cooking) dinner for his family tonight.
8. The children were ______ (play / played / playing) in the park.
9. The dog ______ (barks / was barking / barked) loudly at the milkman every morning.
10. The baby ______ (cry / cries / crying) when he’s hungry.
Answer:
1. goes
2. shone
3. goes
4. play
5. has
6. singing
7. cooking
8. playing
9. barks
10. cries

Exercise - 2

1. The sun ______ (shine / shines / shining) brightly in the sky during summer.
2. She ______ (play / plays / playing) the piano beautifully.
3. The teacher ______ (explain / explained / explaining) the lesson twice, but some students still did not understand.
4. The cat ______ (purr / purred / purring) contentedly while sitting on the window sill.
5. The electrician ______ (restore / restored / restoring) the power before the audience had left.
6. The birds are ______ (fly / flying / flew) in perfect formation in the sky.
7. The students are ______ (organize / organized / organizing) the thanksgiving function.
8. The fisherman ______ (catch / had caught / catching) a school of big fish and then let it go.
9. The players ______ (exhaust / had exhausted / exhausting) themselves before the game.
10. My father and I ______ (visit / visited / visiting) the grocers for some juices and cereals.
Answer:
1. shines
2. plays
3. explained
4. purred
5. restored
6. flying
7. organizing
8. had caught
9. had exhausted
10. visited

Giving a Suitable Advise or Suggestion

Exercise - 1

1. Your sister has passed the written test. Advise her to get prepared for the interview.
Answer:
You should prepare for the interview.

2. Your elder brother rides the bike very fast. Advise him to ride the bike carefully.
Answer:
You should ride the bike carefully.

3. Your friend is watching TV at high volume. Advise him / her to reduce the volume as it damages ears.
Answer:
You should reduce the volume as it damages your ears.

4. Your friend’s handwriting is illegible. Advise him to write neatly.
Answer:
You should write neatly.

5. Your friend is seriously ill. Advise him to take rest.
Answer:
You should take rest.

6. You feel that planting trees is only the essential thing to reduce the globed warming and greenhouse effect. Advise your friends to plant trees.
Answer:
You should plant trees.

7. Your friend has started smoking. Tell him that smoking is wrong.
Answer:
Smoking is injurious to health. You should stop smoking.

8. Your brother has not been studying well. Advise him to study hard.
Answer:
You should work hard and study well.

9. Your classmate is;wasting time. The examinations are fast approaching. Advise him to concentrate on his studies.
Answer:
You should concentrate on your studies.

10. Your brother has been losing weight recently. Tell him that he should see a doctor.
Answer:
You ought to see a doctor.

Exercise - 2

1. Your friend has been wasting money on expensive video games. Advise her to be more careful with her money.
Answer:
It would be wise on your part not to waste your money on expensive video games.

2. A teacher has assigned a task in science to your friend which he thinks is very difficult. Advise him to try it.
Answer:
You should try it.

3. Your friend has a nervous problem. Advise him to see a doctor.
Answer:
You should consult a neurologist.

4. Your brother has lost his money in the exhibition. Advise him not to carry more money in open places.
Answer:
You had better not carry more money in open places.

5. Your friend rides his bike without brakes. Advise him not to do it as it is dangerous.
Answer:
You should not ride your bike without brakes.

6. Your sister is fat. Advise her to walk every morning.
Answer:
You are fat. Why shouldn’t you walk every morning?

7. Your brother is fond of eating fast food. Advise him to be careful about his health.
Answer:
You should be careful about your health.

8. Your uncle is not wearing the seat belt while driving a car. Advise him to wear the seat belt.
Answer:
You should wear the seat belt while driving a car.

9. Your neighbour has been throwing rubbish on the road. Advise him to put it in the rubbish dump.
Answer:
You should put the rubbish in the rubbish dump.

10. Your sister is learning scooty driving. Advise her to be careful.
Answer:
You should be very careful while learning scooty driving.

Changing a Sentence into a Polite Request

Change the following sentence into a polite request.

Exercise - 1

1. A passenger to the conductor : "What is the bus fare to Tirupathi?"
Answer:
Could you please tell me the bus fare to Tirupathi?

2. You to your friend : "Drop me at the post office."
Answer:
Would you mind dropping me at the post office?

3. Student to the teacher : "Allow me to pay the fee next week."
Answer:
Could you please allow me to pay the fee next week?

4. You to your uncle : "Take your medicines regularly."
Answer:
Uncle, please take medicines regularly.

5. A student to his teacher : "Repeat the question once again."
Answer:
Sir, please repeat the question again.

6. You to a stranger : "Where is the ATM center?"
Answer:
Could you please tell me where the ATM center is?

7. You to a co-passenger in a train : "Don’t stand at the door."
Answer:
Please don’t stand at the door.

8. You to a shopkeeper : "Give me two kilo sugar."
Answer:
Please give me two kilos of sugar.

9. You to a stranger : "Show me the way to the market."
Answer:
Could you please.show me the way to the market?

10. You want to use your neighbour’s telephone. What would you say to him?
Answer:
Shall I use your telephone please?

Exercise - 2

1. Vani to the teacher : "Give me my hall ticket."
Answer:
Sir, please give me my hall ticket.

2. You to your friend : "Pass the salt."
Answer:
Would you pass the salt, please?

3. You to your friend : "Lend me 50 rupees."
Answer:
Would you mind lending me 50 rupees?

4. You to a villager : "Show me the house of Srikanth." .
Answer:
Will you please show me the house of Srikanth?

5. You to another student: "Give me your book."
Answer:
Could you please give me your book?

6. Stranger in a packed bus : "Move a bit."
Answer:
Please move a bit.

7. John to a co-passenger in a train : "Shut the window."
Answer:
Would you please shut the window?

8. i Boy to officer : "Appoint me as supervisor."
Answer:
Would you please appoint me as supervisor?

9. You to your friend : "Give lift to the bus stand."
Answer:
Dear friend, please give me a lift to the bus stand.

10. Student to the teacher : "Correct my notebook."
Answer:
Teacher, please correct my notebook.

Identifying the Expression

What do the following sentences mean?
Choose the correct answer and write in your answer book.

Exercise - 1

1. i) Could you tell me where the bus station is? [A]
A) Making an enquiry
B) Giving an order
C) Making an offer
D) Making a suggestion
Answer:
A) Making an enquiry

ii) My pen is not writing. Could you lend me yours? [C]
A) Suggestion
B) Giving an order
C) Request
D) Question
Answer:
C) Request

2. i) Would you mind closing the door? [A]
A) Request
B) An order
C) A suggestion
D) An advice
Answer:
A) Request

ii) What a stupid idea! [D]
A) Complaining
B) Congratulating
C) Criticizing
D) Exclaiming
Answer:
D) Exclaiming

3. i) Where can I get a car for hire? [D]
A) Making a request
B) Asking a question
C) Making a suggestion
D) Seeking information
Answer:
D) Seeking information

ii) May I help you? [C]
A) Asking a question
B) Making a request
C) Offering help
D) Making a suggestion
Answer:
C) Offering help

4. i) Could I leave the school a little early? [C]
A) Asking a question
B) Making a request
C) Seeking permission
D) Making an offer
Answer:
C) Seeking permission

ii) Could you lend me your notebook? [C]
A) Offering
B) Suggesting
C) Requesting
D) Seeking permission
Answer:
C) Requesting

5. i) I have no money to buy this dress. [C]
A) Expressing ability
B) Making a statement
C) Expressing inadequacy
D) Expressing possibility
Answer:
C) Expressing inadequacy

ii) You may leave the class. [B]
A) Seeking permission
B) Giving permission
C) Making a request
D) Expressing possibility
Answer:
B) Giving permission

Exercise - 2

I. Read the pie-chart carefully.

1. i) He can sing for eight hours at a stretch. [B]
A) Prediction
B) Ability
C) Futurity
D) Possibility
Answer:
B) Ability

ii) Could you lend me your dictionary? [D]
A) Question
B) Suggestion
C) Order
D) Request
Answer:
D) Request

2. i) Shall I carry the luggage for you? [D]
A) Asking a question
B) Making a request
C) Seeking permission
D) Offering help
Answer:
D) Offering help

ii) It may rain in a few minutes. [C]
A) Making a request
B) Expressing purpose
C) Expressing possibility
D) Seeking permission
Answer:
C) Expressing possibility

3. i) Could you please give me some water? [A]
A) Making a request
B) Expressing purpose
C) Expressing possibility
D) Seeking permission
Answer:
A) Making a request

ii) It’s so kind of you. [C]
A) Congratulating
B) Complaining
C) Complimenting
D) Thanking
Answer:
C) Complimenting

4. i) May I use your car? [A]
A) Making a request
B) Expressing purpose
C) Expressing possibility
D) Seeking permission
Answer:
A) Making a request

ii) We are going to see a picture now, aren’t we? [B]
A) Advice
B) Poverty
C) Question
D) Help
Answer:
B) Poverty

5. i) She has enough strength to lift this bag. [A]
A) Ability
B) Confirmation
C) Permission
D) Request
Answer:
A) Ability

ii) There is a knock on the door. Would you please open the door? [B]
A) Question
B) Request
C) Advice
D) Offer
Answer:
B) Request

Synonyms

Read the paragraph and write the Synonyms of the underlined words choosing the words given in the box.

1. [courage, emerged, officials, overwhelmed, commencement, bewildered]
Tenth May dawned (a) bright and clear. For the past few days 1 had been pleasantly besieged (b) by dignitaries (c) and world leaders who were coming to pay their respects before the inauguration (d). The inauguration would be the largest gathering ever of international leaders on South African soil.
Answer:
a) emerged
b) overwhelmed
c) officials
d) commencement

2. [establishment, sedimentary rock, stadium, dominate, rituals, familiarly]
The ceremonies (a) took place in the lovely sandstone (b) amphitheatre (c) formed by the Union Buildings in Pretoria. For decades this had been the seat of white supremacy, and now it was the site of a rainbow gathering of different colours and nations for the installation (d) of South Africa’s first democratic, non-racial government.
Answer:
a) rituals
b) sedimentary rock
c) stadium
d) establishment

3. [courage, stage, escorted, dominated, dedicated, pledged]
On that lovely autumn day I was accompanied (a) by my daughter Zenani. On the podium (b), Mr de Klerk was first sworn (c) in as second deputy president. Then Thabo Mbeki was sworn in as first deputy president, when it was my turn, I pledged to obey and uphold the constitution and to devote (d) myself to the well-being of the Republic and its people.
Answer:
a) escorted
b) stage
c) pledged
d) dedicate

4. [law breakers, integrity, disbelief, ownership, advantage, picked]
We, who were outlaws (a) not so long ago, have today been given the rare privilege (b) to be host to the nations of the world on our own soil. We thank all of our distinguished international guests for having come to take possession (c) with the people of our country of what is, after all, a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity (d).
Answer:
a) law breakers
b) advantage
c) ownership
d) integrity

5. [tyranny, release, reap, captivity, liberate, familiarly]
We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation (a). We pledge ourselves to liberate (b) all dur people from the continuing bondage (c) of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender and other discrimination. Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression (d) of one by another.
Answer:
a) liberation
b) release
c) captivity
d)tyranny

6. [magnificent, confused, decorated, accuracy, healthy, unaware]
A few moments later we all lifted our eyes in awe as a spectacular (a) array of South African jets, helicopters, and troop carriers roared in perfect formation over the Union Buildings. It was not a display of pinpoint precision (b) and military force, but a demonstration of the military’s loyalty to democracy, to a new government that had been freely and fairly elected. Only moments before, the highest generals of the South African defence force and police, their chests bedecked (c) with ribbons and medals from days gone by, saluted me and pledged their loyalty. I was not unmindful (d) of the fact that not so many years before they would not have saluted but arrested me.
Answer:
a) magnificent
b) accuracy
c) decorated
d) unaware

7. [constructed, hilltop, engulfed, installation, speckled, brutal]
On the day of the inauguration (a), I was overwhelmed (b) with a sense of history. In the first decade of the twentieth century, a few years after the bitter Anglo-Boer war and before my own birth, the white - skinned peoples of South Africa patched up their differences and erected (c) a system of racial domination against the dark-skinned peoples of their own land. The structure they created formed the basis of one of the harshest, most inhumane (d) societies the world has ever known.
Answer:
a) installation
b) engulfed
c) constructed
d) brutal

8. [racial discrimination, deep, high, underneath, tyranny, settled]
The policy of apartheid (a) created a deep and lasting wound in my country and my people. All of us will spend many years, if not generations, recovering from that profound (b) hurt. But the decades of oppression (c) and brutality had another, unintended, effect and that was that it produced the Oliver Tambos, the Walter Sisulus, the Chief Luthulis, the Yusaf Dadoos, the Bram Fischers, the Robert Sobukwes of our time - men of such extraordinary courage, wisdom and generosity that their like may never be known again. Perhaps it requires such depths of oppression to create such heights of character. My country is rich in the minerals and gems that lie beneathjd) its soil, but I have always known that its greatest wealth is its people, finer and truer than the purest diamonds.
Answer:
a) racial discrimination
b) deep
c) tyranny
d) underneath

9. [quenched, sparkle, companions, dominated, speckled, darkest]
Even in the grimmest(a) times in prison, when my comrades(b) and I were pushed to our limits I would see a glimmer(c) of humanity in one of the guards perhaps just for a second but it was enough to reassure me and keep me going. Man’s goodness is a flame that can be hidden but never extinguished(d).
Answer:
a) darkest
b) companions
c) sparkle
d) quenched

10. [separated, uncertain, tendencies, spark, filtered, responsibility]
In life, every man has twin obligations - obligations to his family, to his parents, to his wife and children; and he has an obligation(a) to his people, his community, his country. In a civil and humane society, each man is able to fulfil those obligations according to hia own inclinations(b) and abilities. But in a country like South Africa, it was almost impossible for a man of my birth and colour to fulfil both of those obligations. In South Africa, a man of colour who attempted to live as a human being was punished and isolated. In South Africa, a man who tried to fulfil his duty to his people was inevitably ripped(c) from his family and his home and was forced to live a life apart, a twilight(d) existence of secrecy and rebellion.
Answer:
a) responsibility
b) tendencies
c) separated
d) uncertain

11. [misconception, blocked, reap, adolescence, speckled, temporary]
It was only when I began to learn that my boyhood(a) freedom was an illusion(b), when I discovered as a young man that my freedom had already been taken from me, that I began to hunger for it. At first, as a student, I wanted freedom only for myself, the transitory(c) freedoms of being able to stay out at night, read what 1 pleased and go where I chose. Later, as a young man in Johannesburg, I yearned for the basic and honourable freedoms of achieving my potential, of earning my keep, of marrying and having a family - the freedom not to be obstructed(d) in a lawful life.
Answer:
a) adolescence
b) misconception
c) temporary
d) blocked

12. [Restricted, hilltop, unbreakable, dominate, motivated, ascetic]
I saw that it was not just my freedom that was curtailed(a). but the freedom of everyone who looked like 1 did. That is when I joined the African National Congress, and that is when the hunger for my own freedom became the greater hunger for the freedom of my people. It was this desire for the freedom of my people to live their lives with dignity and self- respect that animated(b) my life, that transformed a frightened young man into a bold one, that drove a law-abiding attorney to become a criminal, that turned a family-loving husband into a man without a home, that forced a life- loving man to live like a monk(c). I am no more virtuous or self-sacrificing than the next man, but I found that I could not even enjoy the poor and limited freedoms I was allowed when I knew my people were not free. Freedom is indivisible(d); the chains on anyone of my people were the chains on all of them, the chains on all of my people were the chains on me.
Answer:
a) restricted
b) motivated
c) ascetic
d) unbreakable

13. [bias, hilltop, inmate, intolerance, speckled, tyrant]
I knew that the oppressor(a) must be liberated just as surely as the oppressed. A man who takes away another man’s freedom is a prisoner(b) of hatred; he is locked behind the bars of prejudice(c) and narrow-mindedness(d).
Answer:
a) tyrant
b) inmate
c) bias
d) intolerance

Antonyms

Read the paragraph and match the words given in Column ‘A’ with the Antonyms in Column ‘B’.

1. Tenth May dawned bright and clear. For the past few days I had been pleasantly besieged (a) by dignitarie^b) and world leaders who were coming to pay their respects before the inauguration. The inauguration would be the largest gathering ever of international leaders on South African soil. The ceremonies took place in the lovely sandstone amphitheatre formed by the Union Buildings in Pretoria. For decades this had been the seat of white supremacies, and now it was the site of a rainbow gathering of different colours and nations for the installation of South Africa’s first democratic, non-raciaPd) government.

Column A		Column B
a) besieged		1) commoners
b) dignitaries		2) sacrifice
c) supremacy		3) racial
d) non-racial		4) ignored
		5) ceremony
		6) equality

Answer:
a-4, b-1, c-6, d-3

2. We have, at last, achieved our political emancipation. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage (a) of poverty, deprivation, suffering (b) gender and other discrimination (c). Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression (d) of one by another.

Column A		Column B
a) bondage		1) exposed
b) suffering		2) freedom
c) discrimination		3) hindered
d) oppression		4) equality
		5) liberation
		6) happiness

Answer:
a-2, b-6, c-4, d-5

3. It was not a display of pinpoint precision (a) and military force, but a demonstration of the military’s loyalty to democracy, to a new government that had been freely and fairly elected. Only moments before, the highest generals of the South African defence force and police, their chests bedecked with ribbons and medals from days gone by, saluted (b) me and pledged their loyalty (c). I was not unmindful of the fact that not so many years before they would not have saluted but arrested me. Finally a chevron of Impala jets left a smoke trail of the black, red, green, blue and gold of the new South African flag. The day was symbolized for me by the playing of our two national anthems, and the vision of whites singing ‘Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika’ and blacks singing ‘Die Stem’, the world anthem of the Republic. Although that day neither group knew the lyrics of the anthem they once despised (d), they would soon know the words by heart.

Column A		Column B
a) precision		1) sacrifice
b) saluted		2) disloyalty
c) loyalty		3) spectacular
d) despised		4) disrespected
		5) loved
		6) imprecision

Answer:
a-6, b-4, c-2, d-5

4. On the day of the Inauguration, I was overwhelmed with a sense of history. In the first decade of the twentieth century, a few years after the bitter Anglo Boer war and before (a) my own birth, the white skinned peoples of South Africa patched up their differences and erected a system of racial domination against the dark skinned peoples of their own land. The structure they created formed the basis of one of the harshest (b), most inhumane (c) societies the world has ever known. Now, in the last decade of the twentieth century, and my own eighth decade as a man, that system had been overturned (d) forever and replaced by one that recognised the lights and freedoms of all peoples, regardless of the colour of their skin.

Column A		Column B
a) before		1) humane
b) harsh		2) hentle
c) inhumane		3) after
d) overturned		4) maintained
		5) sacrifice
		6) spectacular

Answer:
a-3, b-2, c-1, d-4

5. I was pained that I was not able to thank them and that they were not able to see what their sacrifices (a) had wrought. The policy of apartheid created a deep and lasting wound in my country and my people. All of us will spend many years, if not generations, recovering from that profound hurt. But the decades of oppression (b) and brutality had another, unintended, effect and that was that it produced the Oliver Tambos, the Walter Sisulus, the Chief Luthulis, the YuSaf Dadoos, the Bram Fischers, the Robert Sobukwes of our .time men of such extraordinary courage, wisdom and generosity that their like may never be known again. Perhaps it requires such depths of oppression to create such heights of character. My country is rich (c) in the minerals and gems that lie beneath its soil, but I have always (d) known that its greatest wealth is its people, finer and truer than the purest diamonds.

Column A		Column B
a) sacrifices		1) learned
b) oppression		2) imagination
c) rich		3) never
d) always		4) benefits
		5) liberation
		6) poor

Answer:
a-4, b-5, c-6, d-3

6. I learned that courage was not the absence of fearfaY but the triumph fb) over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid (c), but he who conquers (d) that fear.

Column A		Column B
a) fear		1) failure
b) triumph		2) courage
c) afraid		3) encourage
d) conquers		4) upset
		5) fearless
		6) surrenders

Answer:
a-2, b-1, c-5, d-6

7. No one is born hating another person because of the colour of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate (a), and if they can learn (b) to hate, they can be taught (c) to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite. Even in the grimmest times in prison, when my comrades and I were pushed to our limits I would see a glimmer ofhumanitv (d) in one of the guards perhaps just for a second but it was enough to reassure me and keep me going. Man’s goodness is a flame that can be hidden but never extinguished.

Column A		Column B
a) hate		1) unlearn
b) learn		2) ignored
c) taught		3) love
d) humanity		4) unintend
		5) inhumanity
		6) discourage

Answer:
a-3, b-1, c-2, d-5

8. In life, every man has twin obligations (a) - obligations to his family, to his parents, to his wife and chijdren; and he has an obligation to his people, his community, his country. In a civil and humane society, each man is able to fulfil those obligations according to his own inclinations and abilities. But in a country like South Africa, it was almost impossible for a man of my birth and colour to fulfil both of those obligations. In South Africa, a man of colour who attempted to live as a human being was punished (b) and isolated (c). In South Africa, a man who tried to fulfil his duty to his people was inevitably ripped from his family and his home and was forced to live a life apart, a twilight existence of secrecy and rebellion (d).

Column A		Column B
a)  obligations		1) compliance
b) punished		2) rewarded
c) isolated		3) integrated
d) rebellion		4) misguided
		5) freedoms
		6) imagination

Answer:
a-5, b-2, c-3, d-1

9. As long as I obeyed (a) my father and abided by the customs of my tribe, I was not troubled (b) by the laws of man or God. It was only when I began to learn that my boyhood freedom was an illusion (c), when I discovered (d) as a young man that my freedom had already been taken from me, that I began to hunger for it.

Column A		Column B
a) obeyed		1) undiscovered
b) troubled		2) defied
c) illusion		3) content
d) discovered		4) defend
		5) reality
		6) ended

Answer:
a-2, b-3, c-5, d-1

10. At first, as a student, I wanted freedom only for myself, the transitory (a) freedoms of being able to stay out at night, read what I pleased fbJ and go where I chose. Later, as a young man in Johannesburg, 1 yearned (c) for the basic and honourable freedoms of achieving my potential, of earning my keep, of marrying and having a family - the freedom not to be obstructed fdJ in a lawful life.

Column A		Column B
a) transitory		1) facilitated
b) pleased		2) absconded
c) yearned		3) permanent
d) obstructed		4) absorbed
		5) despised
		6) dissatisfied

Answer:
a-3, b-6, c-5, d-1

11. But then I slowly saw that not only was 1 not free, but my brothers and sisters were not free. I saw that it was not just my freedom that was curtailed (a), but the freedom of everyone who looked like I did. That is when I joined the African National Congress, and that is when the hunger for my own freedom became the greater hunger for the freedom of my people. It was this desire for the freedom of my people to live their lives with dignity and self respect that animated my life, that transformed a frightened young man into a bold one, that drove a law-abiding attorney to become a criminal, that turned a family-loving husband into a man without a home, that forced a life-loving man to live like a monk. I am no more virtuous (b) or self-sacrificing than the next man, but I found that I could not even enjoy the poor and limited freedoms I was allowed (c) when I knew my people were not free. Freedom is indivisible (d):- the chains on anyone of my people were the chains on all of them, the chains on all of my people were the chains on me.

Column A		Column B
a) curtailed		1) expanded
b) virtuous		2) content
c) allowed		3) forbidden
d) indivisible		4) divisible
		5) facilitated
		6) wicked

Answer:
a-1, b-6, c-3, d-4

12. I knew that the oppressor must be liberated (a) just as surely as the oppressed (b). A man who takes away another man’s freedom is a prisoner of hatred (c); he is locked behind the bars of prejudice (d) and narrow-mindedness.

Column A		Column B
a) liberated		1) privileged
b) oppressed		2) oppressed
c) hatred		3) undiscovered
d) prejudice		4) love
		5) differed
		6) acceptance

Answer:
a-2, b-1, c-4, d-6

Right Forms of the Words

Fill in the blanks with the right form of the words given in brackets. 4×1=4

1. Tenth May ____ (a) (dawns / dawned / dawning) bright and clear. For the past few days I had been pleasantly besieged by dignitaries and world ____ (b) (leader / leaders / leadership) who were coming to pay their respects before the inauguration. The ____ (c) (inaugurate / inaugurated / inauguration) would be the largest ____ (d) (gather / gathered / gathering) ever of international leaders on South African soil.
Answer:
a) dawned
b)leaders
c) inauguration
d) gathering

2. The ceremonies took place in the lovely sandstone amphitheater formed by the Union Buildings in Pretoria. For decades this had been the seat of white supremacy, and now it was the site of a rainbow ____ (a) (gather / gathered / gathering) of ____ (b) (differ / different / difference) colours and nations for the ____ (c) (install / installed / installation) of South Africa’s first democratic, non-racial ____ (d) (govern / governed / government).
Answer:
a) gathering
b) different
c) installation
d) government

3. On that lovely autumn day I was ____ (a) (accompany / accompanied / accompanying) by my daughter Zenani. On the podium, Mr de Klerk was first ____ (b) (swear / swore / sworn) in as second deputy president. Then Thabo Mbeki was sworn in as first deputy president, when it was my turn, I ____ (c) (pledge / pledges / pledged) toobey and uphold the constitution and to devote myself to the well-being of the republic and its people. To the ____ (d) (assemble / assembled / assembling) guests and the watching world, I said :
Answer:
a) accompanied
b) sworn
c) pledged
d) assembled

4. We, who were outlaws not so long ago, have today been given the rare ____ (a) (privilege / privileged / privileges) to be ____ (b) (host / hosted / hosting) to the nations of the world on our own soil. We thank all of our ____ (c) (distinguish / distinguished / distinguishing) international guests for having come to take ____ (d) (possess / possessed / possession) with the people of our country of what is, afterall, a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity.
Answer:
a) privilege
b) host
c) distinguished
d) possession

5. We have, at last, ____ (a) (achieved / achieved / achieving) our political ____ (b) (emancipate / emancipated / emancipation). We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the continuing bondage of poverty, ____ (c) (deprive / deprived / deprivation), suffering, gender and other discrimination. Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the ____ (d) (oppress / oppressed / oppression) of one by another.
Answer:
a) achieved
b) emancipation
c) deprivation
d) oppression

6. A few moments later we all lifted our eyes in awe as a spectacular array of South African jets, helicopters, and troop carriers ____ (a) (roar / roared / roaring) in perfect formation over the Union Buildings. It was not a display of pinpoint precision and military force, but a ____ (b) (demonstrate / demonstrated / demonstration) of the military’s loyalty to democracy, to a new government that had been freely and fairly elected. Only moments before, the highest generals of the South African defence force and police, their chests bedecked with ribbons and medals from days gone by, saluted me and ____ (c) (pledge / pledged / pledges) their loyalty. I was not unmindful of the fact that not so many years before they would not have saluted but ____ (d) (arrest / arrested / arresting) me. Finally a chevron of Impala jets left a smoke trail of the black, red, green, blue and gold of the new South African flag.
Answer:
a) roared
b) demonstration
c) pledged
d) arrested

7. On the day of the ____ (a) (inaugurate / inaugurated / inauguration), I was overwhelmed with a sense of history. In the first decade of the twentieth century, a few years after the bitter Anglo-Boer war and before my own birth, the white - skinned peoples of South Africa ____ (b) (patch / patched / patching) up their differences and erected a system of racial ____ (c) (dominate / dominated / domination) against the dark-skinned peoples of thejr own land. The structure they ____ (d) (create / created / creation) formed the basis of one of the harshest, most inhumane societies the world has ever known.
Answer:
a) inauguration
b) patched
c) domination
d) created

8. That day had come about through the unimaginable ____ (a) (sacrificing / sacrifices / sacrificed) of thousands of my people, people whose ____ (b) (suffer / suffered / suffering) and courage can never be ____ (c) (count / counted /counting) or ____ (d) (repay / repaid / repaying).
Answer:
a) sacrifices
b) suffering
c) counted
d) repaid

9. The policy of ____ (a) (apartheid / apartheids / apartheided) created a deep and lasting wound in my country and my people. All of us will spend many years, if not generations, recovering from that profound hurt. But the decades of oppression and brutality had another, unintended, ____ (b) (effect / effected / effecting) and that was that it produced the Oliver Tambos, the Walter Sisulus, the Chief Luthulis, the Yusaf Dadoos, the Bram Fischers, the Robert Sobukwes of our time - men of such extraordinary courage, wisdom and ____ (c) (generous / generosity / generousness) that their like may never be known again. Perhaps it requires such depths of oppression to create such heights of character. My country is rich in the minerals and gems that lie beneath its soil, but I have always known that its ____ (d) (great / greater / greatest) wealth is its people, finer and truer than the purest diamonds.
Answer:
a) apartheid
b) effect
c) generosity
d) greatest

10. It is from these comrades in the struggle that I learned the meaning of courage. Time and again I have seen men and women risk and give their lives for an idea. I have seen men stand up to attacks and torture without ____ (a) (break / breaks / breaking) showing strength and resilience that it defies the ____ (b) (imagine / imagined / imagination). I learned that ____ (c) (courage / courageous / courageously) was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who ____ (d) (conquer / conquers / conquered) that fear.
Answer:
a) breaking
b) imagination
c) courage
d) conquers

11. In life, every man has twin ____ (a) (obligation / obligations/ obligatory) - obligations to his family, to his parents, to his wife and children; and he has an obligation to his people, his community, his country. In a civil and humane society, each man is able to fulfil those obligations according to his own inclinations and abilities. But in a country like South Africa, it was almost impossible for a man of my birth and colour to fulfil both of those obligations. In South Africa, a man of colour who attempted to live as a human being was punished and ____ (b) (isolate / isolated / isolation). In South Africa, a man who tried to fulfil his duty to his people was inevitably ripped from his family and his home and was forced to live a life apart, a twilight ____ (c) (exist / existed / existence) of secrecy and rebellion. I did not in the beginning choose to place my people above my family, but in attempting to serve my people, I found that I was ____ (d) (prevent / prevented / prevention) from fulfilling my obligations as a son, a brother, a father and a husband.
Answer:
a) obligations
b) isolated
c) existence
d) prevented

12. At first, as a student, I wanted freedom only for myself, the transitory freedoms of being able to stay out at night, read what I pleased and go where I chose. Later, as a young man in Johannesburg, I ____ (a) (yearn / yearned / yearning) for the basic and ____ (b) (honour / honoured / honourable) freedoms of ____ (c) (achieve / achieving / achievement) my potential, of earning my keep, of marrying and having a family - the freedom not to be ____ (d) (obstruct / obstructed / obstructing) in a lawful life.
Answer:
a) yearned
b) honourable
c) achieving
d) obstructed

Vowel Clusters

Complete the spelling of the words choosing ‘ae ‘ee’, ‘ea’, ‘ei’, ‘eo ‘oo’, ‘ou’, ‘ai ‘ia ‘io ‘oi’ or ‘au’.

Exercise - 1

1. Tenth May dawned bright and cl_ _r.
2. For the past few days I had been pleasantly (a) bes_ _ged by dignitaries and world leaders who were coming to pay their respects before the(b) in_ _ guration.
3. The inauguration would be the largest gathering ever of international leaders on South Africain s_ _l.
4. The(a) ceremon_ _s took place in the lovely sandstone (b) amphith_ _tre formed by the Union Buildings in Pretoria.
5. On that lovely autumn day I was accompan_ _d by my daughter Zenani.
6. On the pod_ _m, Mr de Klerk was first sworn in as second deputy president.
7. Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long, must be born in a(a) soc_ _ty of which all humanity will be (b) pr_ _d.
8. We, who were outlaws not so long ago, have today been given the rare privilege to be host to the nat_ _ns of the world on our own soil.
9. Never, never, and never again shall it be that thiy) be. tiful land will again experience this(a)be_ _tiful land will again experience the (b) oppress_ _n of one by another.
10. The sun shall never set on sc(a) glori_ _s a humay) ach_ _vement .
Answer:
1. clear
2. a) besieged
b) inauguration
3. soil
4. a) ceremonies
b) amphitheatre
5. accompanied
6. podium
7. a) society
b) proud
8. nations
9. a) beautiful
b) oppression
10. a) glorious
b) achievement

Exercise - 2

1. Let (a) fr_ _dom (b) r _ _ gn.
Answer:
a) freedom
b) reign

2. A few moments later we all lifted our eyes in awe as a spectacular array of South African jets, helicopters and (a) tr_ _p (b) carr_ _rs roared in perfect formation over the Union Buildings.
Answer:
a) troop
b) carriers

3. It was not a display o(a) pinp_ _nt precision and military force, but a demonstration of the military’s loyalty to democracy, to a new government that had been freely and (b) f_ _rly elected.
Answer:
a) pinpoint
b) fairly

4. Finally a chevron of Impala jets left a smoke tr_ _l of the black, red, green, blue and gold of the new South African flag.
Answer:
trail

5. On the day of the tn_ _guration, I was overwhelmed with a sense of history.
Answer:
inauguration

6. That day had come about through the unimaginable sacrifices of thousands of my (a) p_ _pie, people whose suffering and (b) c_ _rage can never be counted or repaid.
Answer:
a) people
b) courage

7. I felt that day as I have on so many other days, that I was simply the sum of all those African patr_ _ts who had gone before me.
Answer:
patriots

8. That long and noble line ended and now begai&g n with me.
Answer:
again

9. The policy of (a) aparth_ _d created a deep and lasting wound in my (b) c_ _ntry and my people.
Answer:
a) apartheid
b) country

10. Perhaps it(a) req_ _res such depths of oppression to create such(b) h_ _ghts of character.
Answer:
a) requires
b) heights

Suffixes or Inflections

Complete the words with correct suffixes given in brackets.

Exercise - 1

1. For the past few days I had been pleasantly besieg___ (ed / ing) by dignitaries and world leaders who were coming to pay their respects before the inauguration.
2. The inaugurat___ (ion / ed) would be the largest gathering ever of international leaders on South Africjan soil.
3. The ceremonies took place in the love___ (ly / lly) sandstone amphitheatre formed by the Union Buildings in Pretoria.
4. For decades this had been the seat of white supremacy, and now it was the site of a rainbow gathering of different colours and nations for the (a) install___ (ation / ed) of South Africa’s first (b) democra___ (tic / tick) non-racial (c) govern___ (mant / ment).
5. On that lovely autumn day I was accompa___ (nied /ny) by my daughter Zenani.
6. Then Thabo Mbeki was sworn in as first deputy president. When it was my turn, I pledged to obey and uphold the Constitu___ (tion / sion) and to devote myself to the well-being of the Republic and its people.
7. Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society of which all human___ (ity / ety) will be proud.
8. We thank all of our distinguished international guests for having come to take possess___ (ed / ion) with the people of our country of what is, after all, a common victory for justice, for peace, for human dignity.
9. We have, at last, achieved our political emancipa___ (tion / sion).
10. We pledge ourselves to liberate all our people from the (a) continu___ (ing / ed) bondage of poverty, (b) depriva___ (tion / sion), suffering, gender and other discrimination.
Answer:
1. besieged
2. inauguration
3. lovely
4. a) installation
b) demorcatic
c) government
5. accompanied
6. Constitution
7. humanity
8. possession
9. emancipation
10. a) continuing
b) deprivation

Exercise - 2

1. Never, never, and never again shall it be that this (a) beauti___ (ful /full) land will again experience the (b) oppre (sion / ssion) of one by another.
2. The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achieve___ (mant / ment)
3. It was not a display of pinpoint precision and military force, but a demonstra___ (ted / tion) of the military’s loyalty to democracy, to a new government that had been freely and fairly elected.
4. The policy of aparth___ (eid / ism) created a deep and lasting wound in my country and my people.
5. Perhaps it requires such depths of oppression to create such heights of charact___ (er / ar).
6. Even in the grimmest times in prison, when my comrades and I were pushed to our limits I would see a glimmer of human___ (ity / ize) in one of the guards perhaps just for a second but it was enough to reassure me and keep me going.
7. But in a country like South Africa, it was almost impossible for a man of my birth and colour to fulfil both of those obligat___ (ions / ional).
8. I did not in the beginning choose to place my people above my family, but in attempting to serve my people, I found that I was prevented from fulfill (ing / ed) my obligations as a son, a brother, a father and a husband.
9. Later, as a young man in Johannesburg, I yearned for the basic and (a) honour___ (able / ably) freedoms of achieving my potential, of earning my keep, of marrying and having a family - the freedom not to be obstructed in a (b) law___ (full / ful) life.
10. I am no more virtuous or self-sacrificing than the next man, but I found that I could not even enjoy the poor and limit (ed / ly) freedoms I was allowed when I knew my people were not free.
11. The (a) oppress___ (ed / ion) and the oppressor alike are robbed of their (b) human___ (ity / ety).
Answer:
1. a) beautiful
b) oppression
2. achievement
3. demonstration
4. apartheid
5. character
6. humanity
7. obligations
8. fulfilling
9. a) honourable
b) lawful
10. limited
11. a) oppressed
b) humanity

Identifying the Wrongly Spelt Word

Find the wrongly spelt word and write the correct spelling.

Answer:
1. absolutely
2. challenges
3. occurrence
4. independent
5. auspicious
6. community
7. dominance
8. inauguration
9. oppression
10. segregation
11. emancipation
12. overwhelmed
13. insurance
14. recollect
15. compassionate
16. generous
17. courageous
18. aspirant
19. intellectual
20. reluctantly

Dictionary Skills

1. Read the following dictionary entry of the word.
Now, answer the following questions using the information above.
a) What is the noun form of ‘brutal’?
Answer:
brutality

b) What is the adverb form of ‘brutal’?
Answer:
brutally

2. Read the following dictionary entry of the word.
Now, answer the following questions using the information above.
a) What is the part of speech of the word ‘courage’?
Answer:
noun

b) What is the synonym of ‘courage’?
Answer:
bravery

3. Read the following dictionary entry of the word.
Now, answer the following questions using the information above.
a) What is the part of speech of the word ‘defy‘?
Answer:
verb

b) What is the adjective form of ‘defy’?
Answer:
defiant

4. Read the following dictionary entry of the word.
Now, answer the following questions using the information above.
a) What is the part of speech of the word ‘fulfil’?
Answer:
verb

b) What is the noun form of ‘fulfil’?
Answer:
fulfilment

5. Read the following dictionary entry of the word.
Now, answer the following questions using the information above.
a) What is the opposite of ‘indivisible’?
Answer:
divisible

b) What is the noun form of ‘indivisible’?
Answer:
indivisibility

6. Read the following dictionary entry of the word.
Now, answer the following questions using the information above.
a) What is the synonym of ‘inhumane’?
Answer:
callous

b) What is the opposite of ‘inhumane’?
Answer:
humane

7. Read the following dictionary entry of the word.
Now, answer the following questions using the information above.
a) What is the part of speech of the word ‘oppress’?
Answer:
verb

b) What is the noun form of ‘oppress’?
Answer:
oppression

8. Read the following dictionary entry of the word.
Now, answer the following questions using the information above.
a) What is the part of speech of the word ‘resilience’?
Answer:
noun

b) What is the another form of ‘resilience’?
Answer:
resiliency

Classification of Words

Arrange the following words under correct headings.

1. [dignitaries, leaders, amphitheatre, podium, president, world, guests, country]
Answer:

Persons	Places
1. dignitaries	1. amphitheatre
2. leaders	2. podium
3. president	3. world
4. guests	4. country

2. [patriot, inauguration, student, ceremony, attorney, rebellion, criminal, demonstration]
Answer:

Persons	Events
1. patriot	1. inauguration
2. student	2. ceremony
3. attorney	3. rebellion
4. criminal	4. demonstration

3. [comrade, jet, husband, helicopter, president, outlaws, ribbon, medal]
Answer:

Persons	Things
1. comrade	1. jet
2. husband	2. helicopter
3. president	3. ribbon
4. outlaws	4. medal

4. [Republic, assembly, parliament, government, democracy, constitution, president, reign]
Answer:

Ruling organs	Persons or organs that help administration
1. Republic	1. assembly
2. government	2. parliament
3. democracy	3. constitution
4. reign	4. president

5. [courage, bondage, wisdom, poverty, generosity, deprivation, humanity, discrimination]
Answer:

Virtues	Oppressions that suffer humans
1. courage	1. bondage
2. wisdom	2. poverty
3. generosity	3. deprivation
4. humanity	4. discrimin ation

Matchings

Match the expressions / idiomatic expressions under Column - A with their meanings under Column - B.

1.

Column A		Column B
1) not unmindful of		A) was not careful about the fact
2) pushed to our limits		B) earning enough money to live on
3) keep me going		C) was aware of the fact
4) earning my keep		D) help me continue to live in hope in the very difficult situation
		E) pushed by the guards to the wall
		F) felt that we could not endure suffering any longer

Answer:
1-C, 2-F, 3-D, 4-B

2.

Column A		Column B
1. a rainbow gathering of different colours and nations		A) a beautiful coming together of various peoples, like the colours in a rainbow
2. the seat of white supremacy		B) the centre of racial humanity
3. be overwhelmed with a sense of history		C) a great ability (almost unimaginable) to remain unchanged by suffering (not losing hope, goodness or courage)
4. a glimmer of humanity		D) a half-secret life, like a life lived in the fading light between sunset and darkness
		E) a sign of human feeling (goodness, kindness, pity, justice etc)
		F) feel deeply emotional remembering and understanding all the past events that have led up to the moment

Answer:
1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-E

3.

Column A		Column B
1. resilience that defies the nation		A) a half-secret life, like a life lived in the fading light between sunset and darkness
2. a twilight existence		B) to be surrounded closely by
3. to be besieged by		C) feel deeply emotional, remembering and understanding at the past events that have led up to the moment
4. spectacular array		D) a sign of human feeling (goodness, kindness, pity, justice etc.)
		E) an impressive display
		F) aware of

Answer:
1-C, 2-A, 3-B, 4-E

4.

Column A		Column B
1. not mindful of		A) something that appears to be real but is not
2. pushed to our limits		B) the ability to deal with any kind of hardship and recover from the effects
3. resilience		C) aware of
4. illusion		D) pushed to the the last point in our ability to bear pain
		E) not permanent
		F) a strong dislike without any good reason

Answer:
1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A

5.

Column A		Column B
1. inclination		A) had a very low opinion of
2. transitory		B) natural tendencies of behavior
3. prejudice		C) deep and strong
4. profound		D) not permanent
		E) a strong dislike without any good reason
		F) unavoidably

Answer:
1-B, 2-D, 3-E, 4-C

Section - C

Greative Expression

Conversation

Question 1.
Mandela’s journey from a lawyer to a freedom fighter and eventually to the president of South Africa involved immense personal sacrifice.

Write a possible conversation between you and your classmate Geetha regarding the leadership and sacrifice throughout his journey.
Answer:
I : Hi Geetha, have you had a chance to read about Nelson Mandela’s journey from a lawyer to a freedom fighter and eventually to the president of South Africa?

Geetha : Yes, 1 found it really inspiring. It’s incredible how he sacrificed so much for the freedom of his people.

I : Absolutely. Mandela’s commitment to the cause of freedom and equality is truly remarkable. I mean, he spent 27 years in prison for standing up against apartheid.

Geetha : Yeah, that’s a long time to endure such harsh conditions. But what amazes me is that even in prison, he never wavered in his beliefs or his commitment to justice.

I : Exactly. He used his time in prison to educate himself and to strengthen his resolve. And when he was finally released, he didn’t seek revenge or harbor resentment. Instead, he worked tirelessly to promote reconciliation and unity.

Geetha : It’s incredible how he managed to overcome so much adversity and still remain so determined to fight for what he believed in. I can’t even imagine the courage it must have taken to forgive those who had oppressed him and his people for so long.

I : It really shows the power of forgiveness and the strength of Mandela’s leadership. He understood that in order to build a better future, it was necessary to let go of the past and to work together towards reconciliation.

Geetha : Definitely. And his journey teaches us that true leadership isn’t just about holding positions of power, but it’s about making sacrifices for the greater good and inspiring others to do the same.

I : Absolutely. Mandela’s leadership was rooted in his unwavering commitment to justice, equality, and human dignity. His legacy serves as a powerful reminder of what can be achieved when we stand up for what is right, even in the face of adversity.

Geetha : Yeah, I’m really inspired by his story. It makes me want to strive to be a better leader and to always stand up for what I believe in, no matter what challenges may come my way.

I : Same here, Geetha. Mandela’s journey is a testament to the power of courage, resilience, and sacrifice, and it’s something we can all learn from as we strive to make a positive impact in our own lives and in the world around us.

Question 2.
You have read the lesson "The Thief’s Story" and understood the theme of trust and betrayal in the story.
Now write a possible conversation between you and your classmate Hari on how the thiefs actions affected Anil’s trust in him. -
Answer:
Hari : Hey, have you finished reading "The Thief’s Story" for English class?

I : Yeah, I have just finished it. It’s quite an interesting story, isn’t it?

Hari : Definitely! One thing that really stood out to me was the theme of trust and betrayal between Anil and the thief. What do you think about how the thief’s actions affected Anil’s trust in him?

I : That’s a great question. Well, at the beginning, Anil seemed to trust the thief quite a bit, even though he knew very little about him. He gave him a place to stay and was willing to teach him new skills like cooking and writing. But when the thief stole from him, it must have shattered Anil’s trust completely.

Hari : Yeah, I agree. Anil showed so much kindness and generosity towards the thief, and in return, the thief betrayed him by stealing his hard-earned money. It’s heartbreaking to think about how Anil must have felt when he discovered that he had been robbed by someone he trusted.

I : Exactly. And what’s even more tragic is that Anil’s trust wasn’t just broken because of the theft itself, but also because of the breach of their relationship. Anil believed in the thief’s potential for growth and was willing to invest time and effort in him. The thief not only robbed Anil of his money but also of his faith in the thief as a person.

Hari : It’s sad to see how one selfish act can destroy a relationship built on trust and mutual respect. I wonder if Anil will ever be able to trust anyone again after what happened.

I : That’s a good point. Betrayed can leave lasting scars, not just on the person who was betrayed but also on their ability to trust others in the future. Hopefully, Anil will eventually find it in himself to forgive and trust again, but it’ll definitely take time and healing.

Hari : Definitely. It’s a powerful reminder of the importance of honesty and integrity in any relationship. Thanks for sharing your thoughts on this. It’s really got me thinking about the complexities of trust and betrayal in our own lives.

I : No problem, Hari. It’s always good to have these discussions and reflect on the lessons we can learn from literature.

Diary Entry

Question 1.
After having read the lesson on the oppression that communities faced in South Africa, you were deeply hurt. You could also relate to the struggles and hardships of millions of Indians who fought against the oppressive British rule.
Write a diary entry expressing your feelings about oppression faced by people in their homeland.
Answer:
26 February 20xx
Wednesday, 10.00 p.m.

Dear Diary,
My heart is filled with sadness as I think of the oppressed who had to tolerate the inhuman attitude of the oppressors in their own land. The oppression that the communities faced in South Africa under the apartheid regime remind me of the struggles and hardships of millions of Indians who fought against the oppressive British rule. The white regime in South Africa was based on racial discrimination. It symbolized exploration and extraordinary human disaster. The blocks were deprived of their rights, equality and human dignity. In the same way, the Indians were exploited by the British. Worked in the lands like animals who were only supposed to obey. Their lands, resources and approaches were captured by the British. The struggle created a deep and lasting wound on them. But they never gave up their cause, ultimately, their sacrifices led to their victory - common victory of humanity for peace, for justice and for human dignity.
X X X X

Question 2.
In the lesson ‘A Long Walk to Freedom’ Nelson Mandela was overwhelmed with a sense of history. He succeeded in ending the apartheid regime in South Africa.
Imagine you are Nelson Mandela and write a diary entry about how you succeeded.
Answer:
10 May 1994
Tuesday, 10.00 p.m.
Dear Diary,
Today marks a monumental moment in the history of South Africa, and indeed, in my own personal journey. As I sit down to pen these words, I am overwhelmed with a profound sense of gratitude, reflection and humility. The journey to this point has been arduous, fraught with challenges, sacrifices, and moments of doubt. Yet, against all odds, we have emerged triumphant in our struggle against the apartheid regime.

The road to success has been long and winding, filled with both triumphs and setbacks. There were moments when the weight of oppression seemed insurmountable, when the shackles of injustice threatened to suffocate the spirit of our nation. But through it all, we remained steadfast in our commitment to the principles of equality, justice and human dignity.

The path to ending apartheid was not a solitary one; it was paved with the collective efforts of countless individuals who dared to dream of a better future. From the streets of Soweto to the halls of international diplomacy, our movement resonated with the hopes and aspirations of millions who yearned for freedom.

I am humbled by the unwavering support of my comrades, whose courage and resilience inspired me to persevere in the face of adversity. Together, we weathered the storms of repression, incarceration, and exile, united by our shared vision of a democratic South Africa.

Today, as I stand on the precipice of a new era, 1 am reminded of the sacrifices made by those who chme before us. Their blood, sweat, and tears nourished the seeds of change, laying the foundation for the birth of a new nation.

But our journey does not end here; it is merely the beginning of a new chapter in the annals of South African history. As we embark on the path of reconciliation and nation¬building, we must remain vigilant in our pursuit of justice and equality for all.

The struggle against apartheid may have ended, but the fight for a truly democratic society continues. It is my fervent hope that future generations will draw inspiration from our shared legacy, embracing the values of tolerance, compassion and unity.

In the end, our success lies not in the accolades of history, but in the hearts and minds of those whose lives have been forever changed by the promise of freedom. As I reflect on the journey that brought us to this moment, 1 am filled with a profound sense of gratitude for the opportunity to have played a small part in shaping the destiny of our beloved South Africa.

With hope and determination,
Nelson Mandela

Letter Writing

Question 1.
Writing letters to friends is a wonderful way to share experiences and keep in touch. This allows you to relive the experiences, share the excitement, and connect on a personal level.
Write a letter to your friend describing your recent vacation.
Answer:

Arasavilli. 22.02.20xx. Dear [Friend’s Name], I hope this letter finds you in good health and high spirits. I’ve been eager to share with you the amazing experiences from my recent vacation in India. It was a journey filled with vibrant colours, rich culture, and unforgettable moments that 1 will cherish for a lifetime. I began my adventure in Delhi, where 1 was immediately captivated by the bustling streets, aromatic spices, and stunning architecture. Exploring the grandeur of the Red Fort and marvelling at the intricate designs of the Jama Masjid left me in awe of India’s rich history and heritage. From Delhi, I travelled to Agra to fulfill a lifelong dream of witnessing the majestic Taj Mahal in person. Words cannot describe the sheer beauty and grandeur of this architectural masterpiece, especially during sunrise when the marble glows with an ethereal radiance. My journey then took me to the colourful state of Rajasthan, where I was enchanted by the vibrant markets of Jaipur and the majestic palaces of Udaipur. Riding through the golden sands of the Thar Desert on a camel safari under the starlit sky was an experience straight out of a fairy tale. One of the highlights of my trip was exploring the serene backwaters of Kerala on a traditional houseboat. Drifting along the tranquil waters lined with lush greenery and coconut palms was incredibly peaceful and rejuvenating. Of course, no trip to India would be complete without indulging in the mouthwatering cuisine. From savoury curries to crispy dosas and delectable street food, every bite was a burst of flavour that tantalized my taste buds. But beyond the sights and flavours, it was the warmth and hospitality of the people that made my journey truly special. Whether it was sharing stories with locals or connecting with fellow travellers from around the world, 1 felt a sense of belonging wherever I went. My time in India was nothing short of magical, and I returned home with a heart full of gratitude and a mind enriched with memories that I will cherish forever. I can’t wait to share more stories and experiences with you when we meet. Until then, sending you warm wishes and heartfelt greetings from across the miles. Yours sincerely, [Your Name]

Question 2.
In a world where academic achievements signify not just personal success but also dedication, perseverance, and a thirst for knowledge, it’s important to celebrate these milestones with those closest to us. Such letters serve as reminders of the importance of recognizing and appreciating the achievements of our loved ones, inspiring them to continue striving for greatness in their academic pursuits and beyond.
Pen a letter to your cousin congratulating him / her on their academic achievement.
Answer:

Chilakaluripet, 24.06.20xx. Dear [Cousin’s Name], I hope this letter finds you in great spirits and high energy! I am writing to extend my heartfelt congratulations on your remarkable academic achievement. Learning about your success brought immense joy and pride to our entire family, and 1 couldn’t be happier for you. Your dedication, hard work, and perseverance have truly paid off, and 1 am in awe of your commitment to excellence. It’s no surprise that you have achieved such remarkable success, given your unwavering determination and passion for your studies. Your academic achievement not only reflects your intelligence but also your resilience and ability to overcome challenges. I admire your determination to reach your goals and your willingness to put in the effort required to succeed. As you embark on this new chapter of your academic journey, I have no doubt that you will continue to excel and inspire those around you. Your accomplishments serve as a testament to your capabilities and your potential to make a significant impact in your chosen field. Please know that I am incredibly proud of you and your accomplishments. Your hard work and dedication have truly paid off, and I have no doubt that you will continue to achieve great things in the future. Once again, congratulations on this well-deserved achievement, and may you continue to reach new heights of success in all your endeavours. With warmest regards, [Your Name]

Question 3.
Pollution has become an increasingly pressing concern in our city, casting a shadow over the quality of life and the health of its inhabitants. From the smog that blankets our skies to the toxins that seep into our waterways, the impact of pollution is undeniable and pervasive. As residents, we cannot afford to turn a blind eye to the environmental degradation that surrounds us. In this context, it is imperative to exarriine the various facets of pollution in our city, understand its root causes, and explore potential solutions to mitigate its harmful effects. By raising awareness and fostering a collective commitment to environmental stewardship, we can strive towards a cleaner, healthier future for all.
Pen a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressing your views on pollution in your city.
Answer:
[Your Name]
[Your Address]
[City, State, ZIP Code]
[Email Address]
[Phone Number]
[Date]
[Editor’s Name]
[Newspaper Name]
[Newspaper Address]
[City, State, ZIP Code]
Dear Editor,
I am writing to express my deep concern regarding the escalating pollution crisis in our city. As a resident who has witnessed the deterioration of our environment firsthand, I believe it is imperative that we address this issue with urgency and collective action. The air we breathe and the water we drink are essential components of our well-being, yet they are increasingly contaminated by industrial emissions, vehicular exhaust, and improper waste disposal. The consequences of unchecked pollution are evident in the rise of respiratory illnesses, waterborne diseases, and ecological degradation. One of the primary contributors to pollution in our city is the unchecked growth of industries without proper environmental safeguards. While economic development is crucial, it must not come at the expense of our environment and public health. It is imperative that industries adopt cleaner technologies, adhere to stringent emission standards, and prioritize sustainable practices.

Furthermore, our reliance on fossil fuels for transportation exacerbates air pollution levels and contributes significantly to global warming. As a community, we must actively promote the use of public transportation, invest in renewable energy sources, and incentivize the adoption of electric vehicles to reduce our carbon footprint and mitigate the effects of climate change.

Additionally, effective waste management strategies are essential to curbing pollution in our city. Widespread littering, illegal dumping, and inadequate waste disposal facilities have led to the contamination of our water bodies and soil. We must enforce strict regulations on waste disposal, promote recycling and composting initiatives, and educate the public on the importance of responsible waste management practices. As concerned citizens, we cannot afford to remain passive in the face of such a critical issue. It is incumbent upon us to hold our policymakers and industries accountable, advocate for sustainable policies, and actively participate in efforts to safeguard our environment for future generations.

In conclusion, addressing pollution requires a concerted effort from government, businesses, and individuals alike. By taking decisive action now, we can pave the way for a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future for our city.

Thank you for your attention to this pressing matter.
Sincerely,
[Your Name]

Biographical Sketch

Question 1.
Write a biographical sketch of Marie Curie using the information given below.
Full Name : Maria Skt odowska Curie
Birth : November 7, 1867
Parents : Wtadystaw Sktodowski (father), Bronistawa Skfodowska (mother)
Spouse : Pierre Curie (married in 1895)
Children : Irene Joliot-Curie (daughter, born in 1897), and Eve Curie (daughter, born in 1904)
Schooling : Attended a clandestine, underground school in Poland; later attended the Flying University, a secret institution in Warsaw
Education : University of Paris (Sorbonne)
Achievements : . Marie Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium.
. She coined the term ‘radioactivity’ and her work laid the foundation for the development of X-rays in medical diagnostics and radiation therapy for cancer treatment.
Awards : . She won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911.
. In addition to her Nobel Prizes, Marie Curie received numerous honours and awards, including the Davy Medal (1903), the Matteucci Medal (1904), and the Elliott Cresson Medal (1909), among others.
Died : July 4, 1934
Answer:
Maria Ski odowska Curie, known to the world as Marie Curie, was born on November 7,1867, in Warsaw, Poland, to Wladyslaw Sklodowski and Bronislawa Ski odowska. Her early education was marked by determination and resilience, as she attended a clandestine, underground school in Poland during a time when educational opportunities for women were limited. Later, she pursued higher education at the Flying University, a secret institution in Warsaw, where she developed a passion for learning and science.

In pursuit of her academic dreams, Marie moved to Paris to study at the University of Paris, known as the Sorbonne. It was there that she met Pierre Curie, a fellow scientist, and they married in 1895. Together, they formed one of the most famous scientific partnerships in history.

Marie Curie’s groundbreaking research revolutionized our understanding of physics and chemistry. She discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium, expanding humanity’s knowledge of the fundamental building blocks of matter. Her tireless work led to the coining of the term "radioactivity," a concept that reshaped the scientific landscape.

The impact of Marie Curie’s discoveries extended far beyond the laboratory. Her research laid the foundation for the development of X-rays in medical diagnostics and radiation therapy for cancer treatment, saving countless lives and revolutionizing healthcare.

Marie Curie’s contributions to science were duly recognized during her lifetime. She was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903, alongside Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, for their pioneering research on radioactivity. In 1911, she received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her isolation of pure radium and her study of its properties.

Throughout her career, Marie Curie received numerous honours and awards, including the Davy Medal (1903), the Matteucci Medal (1904), and the Elliott Cresson Medal (1909), among others, in recognition of her exceptional contributions to science and humanity.

Marie Curie’s passed away on July 4, 1934. However, her legacy endures as an inspiration to future generations of scientists, educators, and women worldwide. Marie Curie’s relentless pursuit of knowledge and her unwavering commitment to scientific discovery continue to shape our understanding of the natural world and inspire curiosity and innovation to this day.

Question 2.
Write a biographical sketch of Abraham Lincoln using the information given below.
Full Name : Abraham Lincoln
Birth : February 12, 1809
Parents : Thomas Lincoln (father) and Nancy Hanks Lincoln (mother)
Spouse : Mary Todd Lincoln (married in 1842)
Children : Robert Todd Lincoln, Edward Baker Lincoln, William Wallace Lincoln, and Thomas ‘Tad’ Lincoln
Schooling : Much of his education came from self-study and reading. He studied law on his own and became a successful lawyer.
Achievements : . Abraham Lincoln is best known for leading the United States through its Civil War, preserving the Union, and ending slavery. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, which declared slaves in Confederate-held territory to be free. .
. Lincoln played a crucial role in the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery in the United States.
Died : Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, died the following day, April 15, 1865.
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln, one of the most revered figures in American history, was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Hardin County, Kentucky. His parents, Thomas Lincoln and Naficy Hanks Lincoln, instilled in him the values of honesty, hard work, and perseverance from an early age.

Growing up in humble surroundings, Lincoln’s education was largely self-directed. He devoured books, taught himself arithmetic, grammar, and history, laying the foundation for a lifelong pursuit of knowledge. Despite facing numerous hardships, including the death of his mother when he was just nine years old, Lincoln’s thirst for learning never waned.

In his early adulthood, Lincoln worked various jobs, including as a rail-splitter, store clerk, and surveyor, all while continuing his education through voracious reading and self-study. His determination and intellect eventually led him to pursue a career in law. He. studied law on his own and passed the bar exam in 1836, becoming a successful and respected lawyer in Illinois. He married Mary Todd in 1842 and they had four children named Robert Todd Lincoln, Edward Baker Lincoln, William Wallace Lincoln and Thomas ‘Tad’ Lincoln.

Lincoln’s entry into politics marked the beginning of a remarkable journey. He served in the Illinois State Legislature and later in the U.S. House of Representatives, where he distinguished himself as a principled leader and a persuasive orator. His opposition to the spread of slavery in the newly acquired territories further solidified his reputation as a man of integrity and moral conviction.

However, it was Lincoln’s election as the 16th President of the United States in 1860 that would define his legacy. His presidency coincided with one of the most tumultuous periods in American history-the Civil War. Faced with the daunting task of preserving the Union and abolishing slavery, Lincoln exhibited extraordinary leadership and resolve.

Lincoln’s most enduring achievements came during the Civil War. In 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring slaves in Confederate-held territory to be free and fundamentally altering the course of the war. He also played a pivotal role in the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which formally abolished slavery throughout the nation.

Tragically, Lincoln’s life was cut short when he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865, while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. He passed away the following day, April 15, 1865, leaving behind a nation mourning the loss of a visionary leader.

Abraham Lincoln’s enduring legacy as the Great Emancipator and the Savior of the Union continues to inspire generations of Americans. His unwavering commitment to justice, equality, and the preservation of democratic ideals serves as a guiding light in times of uncertainty and adversity, reminding us of the enduring power of courage, compassion and resilience.

Question 3.
Write a biographical sketch of Stephen Hawking using the information given below.
Full Name : Stephen William Hawking
Birth : January 8, 1942
Parents : Frank Hawking (father) and Isobel Hawking (mother)
Spouse : Jane Wilde in 1965
Children : Robert Hawking (born 1967), Lucy Hawking (born 1970), and Timothy Hawking (born 1979).
Schooling : Early Education from Byron House School in Highgate, London then attended St Albans School
Education : Natural Science at the University College, Oxford then pursued graduate studies at Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Achievements : . Stephen Hawking made significant contributions to the fields of theoretical physics and cosmology, particularly in the study of black holes, the origins of the universe, and the nature of space and time.
. His most famous work includes the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, now known as Hawking radiation, which challenged existing theories about the behaviour of black holes.
. Hawking also wrote several popular science books, including "A Brief History of Time," which became an international bestseller and made complex scientific concepts accessible to a general audience.
Award : Hawking received numerous awards and honours throughout his career, including the Albert Einstein Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Fundamental Physics Prize, among others. He was also a Fellow of the Royal Society.
Died : March 14, 2018
Answer:
Stephen William Hawking, renowned physicist and cosmologist, was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England, to Frank Hawking and Isobel Hawking. Despite being diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) at the age of 21, Hawking’s brilliance and determination propelled him to become one of the most influential scientists of the modern era.

Hawking received his early education at Byron House School in Highgate, London, before continuing his studies at St Albans School. His academic prowess became evident early on, and he went on to pursue a degree in Natural Science at University College, Oxford. He later embarked on graduate studies at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he delved into the mysteries of the universe. He married Jane Wilde in 1965 arid they had three children named Robert Hawking, Lucy Hawking and Timothy Hawking.

Throughout his illustrious career, Hawking made groundbreaking contributions to theoretical physics and cosmology that reshaped our understanding of the cosmos. His research on black holes, the origins of the universe, and the nature of space and time revolutionized the field and inspired generations of scientists.

One of Hawking’s most notable achievements was his theoretical prediction of Hawking radiation, which challenged long-held beliefs about the behavior of black holes. This groundbreaking insight provided new avenues for exploring the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics and gravity.

In addition to his scholarly pursuits, Hawking was a prolific author and communicator of science. His book "A Brief History of Time" captured the imaginations of millions worldwide, making complex scientific concepts accessible to a general audience and cementing his status as a cultural icon.

Hawking’s contributions to science were recognized with numerous awards and honors, including the Albert Einstein Award, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Fundamental Physics Prize. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in recognition of his outstanding achievements and contributions to the scientific community.

Despite facing immense physical challenges due to his debilitating illness, Hawking’s indomitable spirit and insatiable curiosity propelled him to unravel the mysteries of the universe and inspire countless individuals around the world.

On March 14, 2018, the world bid farewell to Stephen Hawking, but his legacy continues to resonate through his groundbreaking discoveries, enduring influence, and unwavering commitment to the pursuit of knowledge. His life stands as a testamqnt to the power of the human intellect and the boundless possibilities of the human spirit.

Framing ‘Wh’ Questions

Read the following passage carefully focussing on the underlined parts.

1. I was still a thief (A) when I met Anil. And though only 15 (B), I was an experienced and fairly successful hand (C).
Anil was watching a wrestling match (D) when I approached him. He was about 25 - a tall, lean fellow - and he looked easy-going, kind (E) and simple enough for my purpose.
Now, frame ‘WH’ questions to get the underlined parts as answers.
Answer:
A) What was the narrator?
B) How old was the narrator then?
C) What kind of a thief was he?
D) What was Anil doing when the narrator approached him?
E) What kind of a man was Anil?

2. He took me to his room over the Jumna Sweet Shop (A) and told me I could sleep on the balcony (B). But the meal I cooked that night must have been terrible (C) because Anil gave it to a stray dog (D) and told me to be off. But I just hung around, smiling in my most appealing way (E), and he couldn’t help laughing.
Now, frame ‘WH’ questions to get the underlined parts as answers.
Answer:
A) Where was Anil’s room?
B) Where could he sleep?
C) How was the food he cooked that night?
D) Whom did Anil give food?
E) How did he smile?

3. Later, he patted me on the head (A) and said never mind (B), he’d teach me to cook (C). He also taught me to write my name and said he would soon teach me to write whole sentences and to add numbers (D). I was grateful. I knew that once I could write like an educated man there would be no limit to what I could achieve. It was quite pleasant working for Anil (E).
Now, frame ‘WH’ questions to get the underlined parts as answers.
Answer:
A) What did he do?
B) What did he say?
C) What would he teach the narrator?
D) What would he teach the narrator in addition to cooking?
E) What was quite pleasant?

4. He was the most trusting person I had ever met (A). And that is why it was difficult to rob him (B). It’s easy to rob a greedy man (C) because he can afford to be robbed (D) but it’s difficult to rob a careless man - sometimes he doesn’t even notice he’s been robbed (E).
Now, frame ‘WH’ questions to get the underlined parts as answers.
Answer:
A) Why was it difficult to rob him?
B) What was difficult?
C) Who is easy to be robbed?
D) Why is it easy to rob a greedy man?
E) Why is it difficult to rob a careless man?

5. In my short career as a thief (A). I had made a study of men’s faces when they had lost their goods. (B). The greedy man showed fear (C); the rich man showed anger; the poor man showed acceptance. But I knew that Anil’s face, when he discovered the theft, would show only a touch of sadness (D). Not for the loss of money, but for the loss of trust (E).
Now, frame ‘WH’ questions to get the underlined parts as answers.
Answer:
A) What was he?
B) What study had he made?
C) What did the greedy man show when he had lost his goods?
D) What would Anil’s face show when he discovered the theft?
E) Why would he be sad?

6. I hurried back to the room feeling very nervous (A), for it is much easier to steal something (B) than to return it undetected (C). I opened the door quietly, then stood in the doorway, in clouded moonlight. Anil was fast asleep. (D) I crept to the head of the bed, and my hand came up with the notes. I felt his breath on my hand (E).
Now, frame ‘WH’ questions to get the underlined parts as answers.
Answer:
A) How did he hurry back to the room?
B) What is it easier to do?
C) What is it difficult to do?
D) What was Anil doing?
E) What did the narrator feel?

Information Transfer

Question 1.
Study the following pie-chart and write a paragraph based on the information given in it.
Answer:
The pie chart displays the breakdown of grades in English for a class. 20% students achieved an "Excellent" grade, indicating a high level of proficiency and understanding in the subject matter. Following closely, 30% attained a "Good" grade, demonstrating a commendable grasp of English concepts and skills. Around a quarter of the students, constituting 23%, secured an "Average" grade, suggesting a moderate level of proficiency that may require further improvement. Below this, 15% of the class received a "Below Average" grade, indicating a need for additional effort and focus to enhance their En¬glish abilities. Lastly, 10% of the students failed to meet the minimum standards, receiv¬ing a "Fail" grade. These results highlight a diverse range of performance levels within the class, indicating areas of strength as well as areas that require attention and sup¬port. Overall, while a significant portion of students demonstrated proficiency, there is room for improvement across the spectrum of performance levels, emphasizing the importance of targeted instruction and support to help all students succeed in English.

Question 2.
The given bar graph shows the increasing use of skin care products by men and women over the period of three months. Write an analytical paragraph elaborating the given information.
Answer:
Everyone wants a fair and clean skin and most people follow different skin cleansing regimes to ensure that their skin is always fresh and glowing. Many people, including men and women, have also started using a lot of skin care products available in the market from different brands. These skin care products are said to work on all skin types and include ingredients that keep the skin glowing.

Of the various skin care products, toners, facewash and suncream are the most popular as they work to protect the skin and keep it hydrated and fresh. An analysis shows that men use facewash and suncream the most while their usage of toners is not very significant. On the other hand, women are seen using suncream the most in the summer months. The use of facewash and toners is also significant by women.

The use of skin care products does work wonders on the skin and gives a feeling of confidence to men and women both.